(a) Between 1848 and 1856 they took over six states, causing considerable unrest. The careful balance between defeating opponent kings and chieftains enabled the Mughals to expand their kingdoms. What led to Akbar’s ideas on Sulh-i-kul? The rural elite was the headman or the local chieftain. Describe the policies of Akbar. The ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran weakened Humayun’s cause against Afghan competitors. (a) 6000 Aurangzeb had the khutbah (Friday sermon) proclaimed in his own name, not in that of the Ottoman caliph. Less successful campaigns against the Sikhs, the Ahoms and Ahmadnagar followed. First volume of Akbar Nama dealt with Akbar’s ………. Peasant uprisings and revolts by local leaders became all too common, as did the conniving of the nobles to preserve their own status at the expense of a steadily weakening empire. Zabt was prevalent in those areas where Mughal administrators could survey the land and keep very careful accounts. Babur was the first Mughal Emperor in India (1526-1530). (c) Amber When Babur died, his son Humayun (1530–56) inherited a difficult task. Lodi's own uncle invited Babur to invade, because the Sultan was weak and corrupt. In that same year, the Persians took over Kandahar in southern Afghanistan, an event that struck a serious blow to Mughal prestige. Sponsors of art and of learning, the Mughals left a rich heritage of buildings, paintings and literature. if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0')};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1')};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_2')}; .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-167{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:15px !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;text-align:center !important;}. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. What was the role of Zamindars? The warrior aristocracy was generally paid from revenues of nonhereditary and transferable jagirs (revenue villages). Mughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority. Kashmir was annexed, as also Kabul, after the death of Mirza Hakim. However, as they became powerful many rulers like the Rajputs joined them voluntarily. What were the duties of the Mansabdars? Who were the Mughals? You’ll analyze texts, visual sources, and other historical evidence and write essays expressing historical arguments. Akbar laid down broad features of administration. The Mughals did not like to be known as Mongols. Answer: Shah Jahan (January 5, 1592 ­to January 22, 1666) Shah Jahan’s name in Persian means “Ruler of World,” Despite such a boastful name however, his actual domain was limited mainly to Mughal India. In 1717, Furrukhsiyar would grant them a firman (royal dictate) exempting them from customs duties. The main reference material for this post is NCERT History text for Class 7 (Our past -1). Was there a economic inequality during Mughal rule? Humayun's untimely death in 1556 left the task of further imperial conquest and consolidation to his 13-year-old son, Jalal-ud-Din Akbar (reigned 1556–1605). He encouraged widow re-marriage, discouraged child marriage, outlawed the practice of Sati (widows committing suicide on their husband's funeral pyre), and persuaded Delhi merchants to set up special market days for women, who otherwise were secluded at home. They could not consider investing in additional resources like tools and supplies to increase productivity. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. In 1526 he defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the battle of Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra. They emphasize rituals and dogma. (c) 8000 The Mughal Emperors persecuted several of the Sikh Gurus, and Jehangir executed the fifth Guru. From their original base in Serat, the British built forts and trading stations in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay (later the three Presidencies). (c) economic reforms and works 1585-1605 – expansion of Akbar’s empire. (b) religion Mother of Shah Jahan: A Rathor Princess, daughter of a Rajput, the ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur). Further, based on Muslim precepts forbidding images, he stopped the production of representational artwork, including the miniature paintings for which the Mughals are renowned. (a) Kabul Documents from the twentieth year of Shah Jahan’s reign say that only 445 mansabdars were in number out of a total of 8,000. In the north-east, the Ahoms were defeated in 1663. 1. What happened politically with the gradual decline of Mughal rule? They used their considerable local knowledge and influence to collect revenue and to transfer it to the treasury, keeping a portion in return for services rendered. Answer: What is Sulh-i kul or universal peace? b. Zabt and Zamindars. (d) inheritance His determination was to expand eastward into Punjab, where he had made a number of forays including an attack on the Gakhar stronghold of Pharwala. Question 2. Question 3. He taught that all people are members of one family and he drew equally on Muslim and Hindu devotional traditions. Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji when he came to accept Mughal authority. Agra was also taken, and the British residents retreated into the Red Fort. Mother of Jahangir: A Kachhwaha Princess, daughter of Rajput, ruler of Amber (now Jaipur). Faujdar used to be the military commander. They preferred their Timurid ancestry. The increasing association of his government with Islam further drove a wedge between the ruler and his Hindu subjects. What was the capital of Mirza Hakim Akhar’s half brother? These actions were later retracted by Aurangzeb, known for his zealotry. Humayun divided his inheritance according to the Will of his father. Answer: Question 3. Military campaigns continued and ruler of Mewar, Amar Singh, accepted Mughal service. Ans. 6. (d) Tansen What was the approximate number of mansabdars in Shah Jahan reign? There were ulemas, Brahmanas, Jesuit Catholic priests and Zoroastrians. Each province also had a financial officer or diwan. True 3. By comparison, in 1800, the entire treasury of Great Britain totaled £16 million. Military campaigns started by Akbar continued. Zat ranking: Question 5. These interactions made him realise that religious scholars are bigots. (b) Mongols They outlasted their rule, leaving a political legacy that succeeding rulers of t^e subcontinent could not ignore. They were elaborately discussed by Abul Fazl in his last volume of Akbar Nama, the Ain-i Akbari. Answer: Jagirs Answer: Babur defeated the Lodi sultan decisively at Panipat (in modern-day Haryana, about 90 kilometers north of Delhi). Shivaji, Question 1. The idea of tolerance did not discriminate between people of different religions r in his realm. The mansabdar had military responsibilities. Give an account of the Mughal relations with other rulers. Question 2. In Iran Humayun received help from the Safavid Shah. They constituted new dynasties and held command of provinces like Hyderabad and Awadh. Then an invitation from an opportunistic Afghan chief in Punjab brought him to the very heart of the Delhi Sultanate, ruled by Ibrahim Lodi (1517-26). Answer: (c) Shivaji Akbar relied heavily on land-holding zamindars. From their maternal side Genghis Khan ruler was their ancestor. The literal meaning of Sulh-i kul is (a) 1526-1530 AD 4. Answer: if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-2-0')}; Aurangzeb was involved in a series of protracted wars: against the Pathans in Afghanistan, the sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda in the Deccan, the Marathas in Maharashtra and the Ahoms in Assam. (d) Sind (d) None of these Hence, many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir. Aurangzeb restored Mughal military dominance and expanded power southward, at least for a while. A large imperial library included books in Hindi, Persian, Greek, Kashmiri, English, and Arabic, such as the Shahnameh, Bhagavata Purana and the Bible. This time is to be spent in reading the question paper. Nur Jahan’s Influence in Jahangir’s Court: Question 4. Answer: The Mughals used the term—zamindars—to describe all intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains. Answer: In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shukoh were kept as hostages under their grandparents' (Nur Jahan and Jahangir) Lahore court. (d) 1605-1627 AD during Jahangir’s reign? Their predecessors, the Afghan Lodi Sultans had lost power due to indulgence. She remained extremely loyal and supportive to the monarch. There was room for scholars of all religions, for beliefs good or bad. Mughal firearms in the time of Akbar came to be far superior to anything that could be deployed by regional rulers, tributaries, or by zamindars. This had meant more expenditure for the state. A mere 5.6 per cent of the total number of mansabdars, received 61.5 per cent of the total estimated revenue of the empire as salaries for themselves and their troopers. Sher ‘Khan defeated Humayun at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540), forcing him to flee to Iran. The second volume recorded the events of Akbar’s reign. Answer: Todar Mai, Question 1. The Mughals had to make peace with Maratha armies, and Persian and Afghan armies invaded Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne in 1739, subsequently used by the shahs of Persia (Iran). It was the greed and complacency of the emperors that resulted in their decline, and eventual demise. The administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire led to great economic and commercial prosperity. Akbar's empire supported vibrant intellectual and cultural life. The Sisodiya Rajputs refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time. Nur Jahan's abortive efforts to secure the throne for the prince of her choice led Shah Jahan to rebel in 1622. The Rajputs are a good example of this. The relationship between the Mughals and other rulers; a. Mansabdars and Jagidars. However, when the Mughal became powerful, many other rulers joined them willingly. The Mughals were descendants of ………………… and …………… Many resisted as well. (a) Babur His long reign from 1628 to 1658 is considered that empire’s “Golden Age.” The Rajputs are a good example of this. Question 1. He continued to conquer, annex, and consolidate a far-flung territory bounded by Kabul in the northwest, Kashmir in the north, Bengal in the east, and beyond the Narmada River in central India—an area comparable in size to the Mauryan territory some 1,800 years earlier. Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as mansabdars. 5. The enormous wealth and resources commanded by the Mughal elite made them an extremely powerful group of people in the late seventeenth century. Why was it extremely difficult to rule over the Indian subcontinent? Aurangzeb was unable to control these developments in the last years of his reign, so the peasantry suffered tremendously. Ans. Mehrunnisa married Jahangir and was given the title of Nur Jahan. Question 3. Mughal rule under Jahangir (1605-1627) and Shah Jahan (1628-1658) was noted for political stability, brisk economic activity, beautiful paintings, and monumental buildings. This was not possible in provinces like Gujarat and Bengal. In most places, peasants paid taxes through the rural elites. Jahangir, the son of Akbar, ruled the empire between 1605 and 1627. Akbar 1556-1605: From the later half of the sixteenth century they expanded their kingdom from. After their defeat, they were honourably treated by the Mughals. Answer: However, he was not in power a few years before he took a fatal fall down his library's stairs. During the revolt, some Muslims called it a jihad, implying that they would not submit to non-Muslim rule but had a divine duty to struggle against infidel authority. A zealous Muslim, Aurangzeb reversed the earlier policies that had helped to maintain good relations with non-Hindus, imposing Islamic law and dealing harshly with Hindus. It deals with Akbar’s administration, household, army; the revenues and geography of his empire. The usage seems to have an obvious reference to the expansive and wealthy empires built by the Mughal kings in India. During Sher Shah's reign, an imperial unification and administrative framework were established, but would be further developed by Akbar later in the century. Answer: Question 1. These visitors were also surprised at the state of extreme poverty that existed side by side. 8000. In Akbar’s reign there were 29 mansabdars with a rank of 5,000 zat. Give an account of ranking on the basis of zat. The number of unproductive, timeserving officers mushroomed, as did corruption—while the excessive Persian representation upset the delicate balance of impartiality at the court. Question 2. Under Akbar, the court abolished the jizya, the tax on non-Muslims, and abandoned use of the lunar Muslim calendar in favor of a solar calendar more useful for agriculture. Answer: Genghis Khan’s memory was associated with massacre of people and invasional instinct. 4. In the battle of Panipat Babur defeated ………………… This principle of governance was followed by both Jahangir and Shah Jahan also. Under Akbar the Great, the empire grew considerably, and continued to expand until the end of Aurangzeb's rule. Ans. By the mid-nineteenth century, the British were controlling vast tracts of the Mughal Empire and other principalities through a series of treaties and alliances. (a) zamindar Even though they aptly demonstrated Mughal military strength, these campaigns drained the imperial treasury. The Sisodiya ruler of Mewar, Amar Singh, accepted Mughal service. 1570-1585 – military campaigns in Gujarat were followed by campaigns in the east in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. Aurangzeb 1658-1707 Kabul, Question 1. According to Jahangir Sulh-i-Kul was a concept of divine compassion following principle of “universal peace”. In 1527 he defeated Rana Sanga at Khanua. Aurangzeb personally managed campaigns against Deccan and annexed Golconda and Bijapur. How did the Mansabdars get their salaries? 6. By 1886 Muslims held only nine out of a total of 284 jobs, and it seemed that a long and glorious dynasty came to an inglorious end. Mughal campaigns continued in the Deccan under Shah Jahan. It was Shah Jahan who commissioned the building that represents the pinnacle of Mughal architectural achievement, the Taj Mahal, between 1630 and 1653. An astute ruler who genuinely appreciated the challenges of administering so vast an empire, Akbar introduced a policy of reconciliation and assimilation of Hindus (including Maryam al-Zamani, the Hindu Rajput mother of his son and heir, Jahangir), who represented the majority of the population. Babur, a seasoned military commander, entered India in 1526 with his well-trained veteran army of twelve thousand to meet the sultan's huge but unwieldy and disunited force of more than 100,000 men. Give an account of the Mughal relations with other rulers. Khurram Aurangzeb also had to face the rebellion in north India of the Sikhs, Jats and Satnamis, in the north-east of the Ahoms and in the Deccan of the Marathas. Mansabdars and their duties: Question 3. Akbar adopted two distinct but effective approaches in administering a large territory and incorporating various ethnic groups into the service of his realm.
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