mughal barlas history in urdu
Gujarāt supplied Europe saltpeter for use in gunpowder warfare during the 17th century, and Mughal Bengal and Mālwa also participated in saltpeter production. [5] All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. [9], Shah Jahan (also spelled ShahJehan, Shahjehan,(Urdu: Persian: January 5, 1592 - January 22, 1666) (fulltitle His Imperial Majesty Al-Sultan al-Azam walKhaqan al-Mukarram, Malik-ul-Sultanat, Ala HazratAbul-Muzaffar Shahab ud-din Muhammad Shah JahanI, Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani, Padshah GhaziZillullah, Firdaus-Ashiyani, Shahanshah--E--SultanantUl Hindiya Wal Mughaliya, Emperor of India ) was theemperor of the Mughal Empire in the IndianSubcontinent from 1628 until 1658. Cities and towns boomed under the Mughals; however, for the most part, they were military and political centres, not manufacturing or commerce centres. [5], Mughal painting reached a high level of elegance and richness during his reign. [5] October 28, 1627) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until 1627. Its most famous representatives were the Timurids, a dynasty founded by the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th century, who ruled over modern-day Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and almost the entire rest of the Caucasus, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary Pakistan, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia. [4] [5], The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the Bengal delta under the leadership of Sufis, which consolidated the foundation of Bengali Muslim society. [2] By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had routed Mughal armies and won over several Mughal provinces from the Punjab to Bengal. [5] Aurangzeb Alamgir By Aslam Rahi M A. Mughal History Archives Page 4 Of 5 S . [7] [18] [5], Akbar the Great initiated certain important policies, such as religious liberalism (abolition of the jizya tax), inclusion of natives in the affairs of the empire, and political alliance/marriage with the Indian rulers of north India, that were innovative for his milieu; he also adopted some policies of Sher Shah Suri, such as the division of the empire into sarkar raj, in his administration of the empire. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battle over the course of the empire's history. The empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the economic infrastructure, built by a public works department set up by the Mughals which designed, constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire, making trade easier to conduct. During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire, the classic period of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Jalaludin Mohammed Akbar ("Akbar" loosely translates to "Great") to the throne. Urdu History Of Mughal urdu wikipedia. At the endof his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered mostof the northern and central India. The Timurids belonged to the Islamic faith and were descendants of Timur, the grandson, through several generations, of the Mongol conqueror Gengis Khan. The book Mughal Darbar Pdf is an excellent writing on the history of the Mughals by Dr. Mubarak Ali. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry, but he feared Mughal retaliation and remained a fugitive until his death. [5] Here we are today, the Muslims of Burma are facing a genocide. Not only did Jahangir expand the political reach of the Mughals, he also encouraged the arts & sciences. [2], As with the insurrection of his eldest son, Jahangir was able to defeat the challenge from within his family and retain power. When this inclusion ended, with Emperor Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire began to lose power and stability, leading to its ultimate demise. Nawab Qasim Jan was a courtier in the royal courts of Mughal Delhi . Download PDF & Read books in parts and episodes for your convenience. As the empire began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many subahs became effectively independent, or were conquered by the Marathas or the British. Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761 defeated the Marathas during the Third Battle of Panipat ; The fall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799; He was the last Mughal Emperor to preside effective control over the empire. Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pashtuns, the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Afghanistan. [4] [12] This family owned 3000 hectres of land, having a strong family ties.One of the Mughal Barlas Family had shifted to District Jhelum in the village of Aima Afghana, a small village on the main road from Jhelum to Mangla Dam. The worm gear roller cotton gin, which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th-14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century, and is still used in India through to the present day. By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. [3] Wherever it came from, and whatever it represented, it was clear that a European style had come to influence Mughal art, otherwise the slave would not have claimed it as his own design, nor would he have been believed by Jahangir. [5], The far-off Indian campaign of Nadir Shah, who had priorly reestablished Iranian suzerainty over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige. [2] Another name was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari, and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire. [4] By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire. Mirza Khan Muhammad, Mirza Doust Muhammad, and Mirza Gul Muhammad were the leading heads of the family.This Barlas family adopted the art of cultivation as well as the Government jobs and well known due to its high sustainable attitudes. [20] His most prominent and powerful wife was Mehr-Un-Nisa or Nur Jahan, the widow of a rebel officer, Sher Afgan, of Mughals. The Mughal Empire, which at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and large parts of Afghanistan, was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning 4 million square kilometres at its zenith, after only the Maurya Empire which spanned 5 million square kilometres. Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. The use of Mughal derived from the Arabic and Persian corruption of Mongol, and it emphasised the Mongol origins of the Timurid dynasty. The coinindia coin galleries aurangzeb mughal history archives page 4 of 5 a king called aurangzeb the mughals are an integral part of what language was spoken in the mughal. Mirza Khan Muhammad, Mirza Doust Muhammad, and Mirza Gul Muhammad were the leading heads of the family.This Barlas family adopted the art of cultivation as well as the Government jobs and well known due to its high sustainable attitudes. [3] Rebellions and wars led to the exhaustion of the imperial Mughal treasury and he was a strong-handed authoritarian ruler, and following his death the expansionary period of the Mughal Empire came to an end. [5] Although early Mughals spoke the Chagatai language and maintained some Turko-Mongol practices, they became essentially Persianized and transferred the Persian literary and high culture to India, thus forming the base for the Indo-Persian culture. [1] The term Mughal (or Mughul in Persian) literally means Mongolian. [3] [18] [2] [2] [4] During his reign,4.6 million people were said have died due to war, Aurangzebs policies partly abandoned the legacy of pluralism, which remains a very controversial aspect of his reign and led to the downfall of the Mughal Empire. Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire (Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت, translit. [2] The Mughals built Maktab schools in every province under their authority, where youth were taught the Quran and Islamic law such as the Fatawa-i-Alamgiri in their indigenous languages. [5], Defeat of the combined forces of Mughal, Nawab of Oudh & Nawab of Bengal,Bihar at the hand of East India Company at the Battle of Buxar. [12] Jahangir married the extremely beautiful and intelligent Mehr-un-Nisaa (better known by her subsequent title of Nur Jahan ) on May 25, 1611. The territory of the Mughal Empire still remained intact more or less until the reign of Muhammad Shah. Grupper, S. M. ‘A Barulas Family Narrative in the Yuan Shih: Some Neglected Prosopographical and Institutional Sources on Timurid Origins.’ Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 8 (1992–94): 11–97, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barlas&oldid=1010611653, Pages using infobox family with unknown parameters, Articles containing Mongolian-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 March 2021, at 11:05. [5] The use of Mughal, deriving from the Arabic and Persian corruption of… By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had routed Mughal armies, and won over several Mughal provinces from the Punjab to Bengal, and internal dissatisfaction arose due to the weakness of the Mughal Empire's administrative and economic systems, leading to the break-up of the empire and declaration of independence of its former provinces by the Nawabs of Bengal, Oudh, the Nizam of Hyderabad, Shah of Afghanistan and other small states. Jahangir's elegant mausoleum is located in the Shahdara locale of Lahore and is a popular tourist attraction. [2], Salim ascended to the throne with the title of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi and thus began his 22-year reign at the age of 36. [16] [13], Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, more famously known as Akbar the Great, was the third emperor of the Mughal Empire, after Babur and Humayun. After a crushing defeat in the war of 1857-1858 which he nominally led, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. In the west, the term " Mughal " was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole. In this publication, the writer told the scenes of the Mughal courtyard. [12] Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir Oct 21, 1618 16581707 Mar 3, 1707 He reinterpreted Islamic law and presented the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri; he captured the diamond mines of the Sultanate of Golconda; he spent more than 20 years of his life defeating major rebel factions in India; his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent; the over-stretched empire was controlled by Nawabs, and faced challenges after his death. [5], Despite India having its own stocks of gold and silver, the Mughals produced minimal gold of their own, but mostly minted coins from imported bullion, as a result of the empire's strong export-driven economy, with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of precious metals into India. [12] These portraits are a unique example of art during Jahangir's reign because before and for sometime after, faces were not drawn full, head-on and including the shoulders as well as the head as these drawings are. [5] [3] Royal Barlas Family in India. Read History and Biography about Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar in Urdu.Read many other Muslim Personalities Topic in Urdu. Sher Shah Suri, another of his enemies, started a war with the Mughal Empire. [19] [2] by Alex Posted on January 27, 2021. India's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire, with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60% to 253% in 200 years during 1500-1700. Read History and Biography about Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar in Urdu. Built to honour one of the Mughal Empire’s most powerful emperors, the Jahangir Tomb is one of the best-preserved mausoleums from the Mughal Empire in the world. [5] [2] [5] [5] The empire was maintained as the dominant force of the present-day Indian subcontinent for a hundred years further by his successors Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The year 1747 marks the appearance of an Afghan political entity independent of both the Persian and Mughal empires. [5] This work, published in Delhi in 1920, is a history of the Urdu language from its origins to the development of an Urdu literature. [4] Jahangir claimed the victories of Khurram - Shah Jahan as his own. [12] Kamran's Baradari: Kamran's baradari stands in the midst of a formal garden built by the Mughal Prince Mirza Kamran (son of Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire) on the west bank of the River Ravi; it was built c.1527 and was the earliest Mughal garden in Lahore. [5] [2] [6] Nur Jahan married her daughter to Shahryar, Jahangir's youngest son from his other queen, in the hope of having a living male heir to the throne when Jahangir died. [2], Mehr-Un-Nisa, or Nur Jahan, occupies an important place in the history of Jahangir. [18] Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (جلال الدین محمد اکبر Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar), also known as Akbar the Great (November 23, – October 27, ) . Get historical Urdu book "Akber Ka Hindustan" written by Monserat and Urdu translation by Dr. Mubarak Ali. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. There are always several meanings of each word in Urdu, the correct meaning of Mughal in Urdu is مغل, and in roman we write it Mughal. Abu Akbar, Humayun’s son, then took control of the Mughal Empire. [2] Jahangir did not always benevolently regard some Hindu customs and rituals. In 1622, Jahangir sent his son Prince Khurram against the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda. Under the rule of Shah Jahan, the Mughal Empire reached its highest pitch of greatness and glory. The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. [3] Was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Timur and was the founder of the Mughal Empire after his victories at the Battle of Panipat (1526) ad the Battle of Khanwa. [12] At this time, one of those disciples happened to be the current English ambassador, though his initiation into Jahangir's inner circle was devoid of religious significance for Roe, as he did not understand the full extent of what he was doing: Jahangir hung "a picture of him self set in gold hanging at a wire gold chain" round Roe's neck. [4] Humayun, son of Babur, took over the Mughal Empire after his father. [5] [18] [2] The Mughal artistic tradition was eclectic, borrowing from the European Renaissance as well as from Persian and Indian sources. The Mughals adopted and standardized the rupee ( rupiya, or silver) and dam (copper) currencies introduced by Sur Emperor Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule. [22] Succeeding his father Humayun at a critical stage, he slowly enlarged the extent of the Mughal Empire to include almost all of the Indian sub-continent. The Barlas … In his youth he's one in every of several impoverished princes, all descended from Timur Lenk, United Nations agency fight … The Mughal Empire (also Mog(h)ul, Persian : گُورکانِیان Gūrkāniyān ; Urdu : مُغلِیَہ سَلطَنَت, Muġliyah Salṭanat, ) was an empire extending over large parts of the Indian subcontinent and ruled by a dynasty of Chaghtai-Turkic origin. [5] [3] [3] [3] [4] Chatrapati Shivaji declared "Hindu Swarajya" (Independence for Hindus) and raised an army that could outfight the larger Mughal armies. During the reign of Shah Jahan, the culture and splendour of the luxurious Mughal court reached its zenith as exemplified by the Taj Mahal. Jahangir been head of a Natural History Museum,. Chandar Bhan's life spanned the reigns of four different emperors, Akbar (1556-1605), Jahangir (1605-1627), Shah Jahan (1628-1658), and Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658-1707), the last of the Great Mughals whose courts dominated the culture and politics of the subcontinent at the height of the empire's power, territorial reach, and global influence. [5] [5] [2] [22], Jahangir, son of Emperor Akbar, ruled the empire from 16051627. Junge karnal- Ye jung afhsar khandan aur Mughal sultanat ke bich 24 february 1739 ko hui thi. kesultanan mughal wikipedia bahasa indonesia. Orientalist Henry Beveridge (editor of the Tuzk-e-Jahangiri ) compares Jahangir to the Roman emperor Claudius, for both were "weak men. Read History Books in Urdu online Free تاریخ کی کتابیں - Large collection of History Books of Pakistan, India, World, Wars & Islam in Urdu, written by famous Urdu writers. [12] for three or four generations (of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm." Mughal King Akbar History In Urdu by Alex Posted on January 26, 2021 Clical numismatic gallery stan affairs solved mcqs political the story of anarkali fact or fiction jalaluddin akbar by aslam rahi m a bahadur shah zafar three ghazals by [5], Aurangzeb is considered India's most controversial king, with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society, while other historians question this, noting that he built Hindu temples, employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims, and married Hindu Rajput princess Nawab Bai. It is unclear whether Jahangir even understood what a Sikh was, referring to Guru Arjan as a Hindu, who had "captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and manners. [2], The trigger for Guru Arjan's execution was his support for Jahangir's rebel son Khusrau Mirza, yet it is clear from Jahangir's own memoirs that he disliked Guru Arjan before then: "many times it occurred to me to put a stop to this vain affair or bring him into the assembly of the people of Islam." An aesthete, Jahangir decided to start his reign with a grand display of "Justice", as he saw it. [5] [5] Research numerous resources on the world history topics! Jahangir would challenge the hegemonic claim over what became later Afghanistan by the Safavid rulers with an eye on Kabul, Peshawar and Kandahar, which were important centres of the central Asian trade system that northern India operated within. He had a profound interest in fine arts and patronized the European and Persian arts, and played a major role in the development of Mughal arts. mughal empire wikipedia. [5] In 1620, Jahangir fell sick, and so ensued the familiar quest for power. [4] The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. [2] [3] The main outside force contributing to the destruction of the Mughal Empire was the Hindu Maratha Empire. [4] At the time of his accession and the elimination of Abu'l Fazl, his father's chief minister and architect of his eclectic religious stance, a powerful group of orthodox noblemen had gained increased power in the Mughal court. Akbar History In Urdu Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Badshah The Great Mughal Emperor By Unknown 10:00 AM History, Information. [14] [5] noun) between the Hindi and Urdu components of Hindustani, with Hindi becoming progressively more Sanskritized (and thus supposedly “purified”) and Urdu becoming more heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian. [2] [1], Jahangir (Urdu: Persian: Hindi: full title:Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Khushru-i-Giti Panah, Abul-Fath Nur-ud-din MuhammadJahangir Padshah Ghazi ) (20September 1569 - 8 November 1627) was the ruler ofthe Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. [1] The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526-1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire ) on his father's side and from Chagatai, the second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother's side. According to The Secret History of the Mongols—a 13th century epic written during the reign of Ögedei Khan—Qarchar Barlas was a descendent of the legendary Mongol warlord 'Bodonchir (Bodon Achir; Bodon'ar Mungqaq) who was also considered to be the direct ancestor of Genghis Khan. In the west, the term “Mughal” was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole. The empire's collapse followed heavy losses inflicted by the smaller army of the Maratha Empire in the Deccan Wars, which encouraged the Nawabs of Bengal, Bhopal, Oudh, Carnatic, Rampur, the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Shah of Afghanistan to declare their independence from the Mughals. Subah ( Urdu : صوبہ) was the term for a province in the Mughal Empire. At the same time that the Mughal Empire was losing power, England was beginning its Industrial Revolution. In 1605 Jahangir made an entry in Tuzuk-i-Jahāṅgīrī concerning Guru Arjan's support for his rebellious son Khusro. [5] [3] Babur, a direct descendant of Khan, was the first emperor of the Mughal Empire. The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan ) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire ). After the death of Akbar, Jahangir was named as fourth king of Mughal family as per the will of Akbar. [12] [2], His lands were confiscated and his sons imprisoned as Jahangir suspected him of helping Khusrau's rebellion. The leading clan of the Barlas traced its origin to Qarachar Barlas,[2] head of one of Chagatai's regiments. Sikh and Maratha states gained territory after the Mughal empire's decline. [7] [7] [5] Kumar concludes, "The Mughal painters borrowed individual motifs and certain naturalistic effects from Renaissance and Mannerist painting, but their structuring principle was derived from Indian and Persian traditions." [2], Jahangir named her Shah Begum, and gave birth to Khusrau Mirza. [5] The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire. [5] Under his rule, the Mughal Empire grew to its largest size because of successful expansion campaigns. They were seen as a hybrid Turkic-Persian ethnic group, as they were i… He was killed in rebellion, after learning of Jahangir's orders to have him slain to possess his beautiful wife, as Jahangir yearned for her much earlier than her wedding. The Commentary of father Monserrate, S.J. [12] [1] [5] [2], Jahangir was able to deliver justice to people in accordance of their beliefs and also keep his hold on empire by unified criminal law. The other meanings are Mongolia Ka Bashindah, Mughal and Mongol Ka Rehne Wala. Gradually, many groups became involved in a push toward a division (تقسيم/taqseem, fem. [2], The Jesuits had brought with them various books, engravings, and paintings and, when they saw the delight Akbar held for them, sent for more and more of the same to be given to the Mughals, as they felt they were on the "verge of conversion", a notion which proved to be very false. The Barlas … The Barlas (Mongolian: Barulās; Chagatay/Persian: برلاس Barlās; also Berlās) were a Mongol and later Turkicized nomadic confederation in Central Asia. [8] [2] [12] On 31 July 1658, Aurangzeb crowned himself emperor with the title of Alamgir, the Mughal Empire reached the pinnacle of its glory during Shah Jahans reign and he is widely considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. [5] [5] By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had routed Moghul armies, and won over several Mughal provinces from the Deccan to Bengal, and internal dissatisfaction arose due to the weakness of the Mughal Empire's administrative and economic systems, leading to the declaration of independence by the Nawabs of Bengal, Bhopal, Oudh, Carnatic, Rampur, the Nizam of Hyderabad and Shah of Afghanistan. [5] [17] As the Empire decreased in size and the smaller kingdoms began to gain significant power, the Mughal Empire was unable to compete. Kunwar Man Singh led the Mughal Army in the battle of Haldighati fought in 1576 between the Mughal Empire and Maha Rana Pratap. [3] [3] After 150 years of rule by Mughal viceroys, Bengal gained semi-independence as a dominion under the Nawab of Bengal in 1717. bbc religions islam mughal empire 1500s 1600s. Nur Jahan born as Mehr-un-Nissa, was Empress of the Mughal Empire as the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir. Where are the so called 'Islamic' armies from Pakistan, … The Mughal (or Moghul) Empire was an early-modern empire in South Asia. The Mughal Empire (Persian: شاهان مغول, Shāhān-e Moġul; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى, Gūrkānī), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an imperial power in South Asia that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent. [19] [5] Badshah Akbar History In Urdu: Through marriage alliances, political rewards and military action, King Akbar was able to appease recalcitrant regions like Rajasthan. [5] [18] After squashing a rebellion from one of his sons, Jahangir presided over one of the most prosperous epochs in the Mughal Empire’s long history. On the eve of his death in1556, the Mughal empire spanned almost one millionsquare kilometers.He succeeded his father in India in 1530, while his half-brother Kamran Mirza, who was to become a ratherbitter rival, obtained the sovereigntyof Kabul and Lahore, the more northern parts of theirfathers empire. [2] [3] [2] [3] 1 by Abu al-Fazal ibn Mubarak. Free download e Urdu history book Mughal Darbar was written by Doctor Mubarak Ali, The Mughal empire (Badsha) history book in Urdu.Culture and civilization of Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire (In Urdu translation - Mughliyah Saltanat) or Mogul Empire, self-designated as Gurkani (Persian: meaning "son-in-law"), was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. free urdu novels online. According to the Secret History of the Mongols, written during the reign of Ögedei Khan, the Barlas had a shared ancestry with the Borjigin and other Mongol clans. Shah Jahan maintained an aggressive military pressure along the frontiers of the Mughal Empire, as his predecessors had. History of Greart Aurangzeb Alamgir R.A. in hindi/urdu; True History of Sultan Alauddin Khilji in hindi/urdu. [2] Mughal Empire - The dynasty, though ethnically Turco-Mongol, was Persianate in terms of culture. The Mughals made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with development of their unique architecture. Urdu and Hindi share an Indo-Aryan base, but Urdu is associated with the Nastaliq script style of Persian calligraphy and reads right-to-left, whereas Hindi resembles Sanskrit and reads left-to-right. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. After squashing a rebellion from one of his sons, Jahangir presided over one of the most prosperous epochs in the Mughal Empire’s long history. [2] The Mughal Empire's workforce in the early 17th century consisted of about 64% in the primary sector (including agriculture ) and 36% in the secondary and tertiary sectors, including over 11% in the secondary sector (manufacturing) and about 25% in the tertiary sector (service).