example of global divides

Retrieved 25 May 2015. Further challenges include information overload and the ability to find and use reliable information. Free Basics is a partnership between social networking services company Facebook and six companies (Samsung, Ericsson, MediaTek, Opera Software, Nokia and Qualcomm) that plans to bring affordable access to selected Internet services to less developed countries by increasing efficiency, and facilitating the development of new business models around the provision of Internet access. Obstacles to overcoming the global digital divide Physical Access. Economic growth – It is believed that less-developed nations could gain quick access to economic growth if the information infrastructure were to be developed and well used. [28]:111, There are projects worldwide that have implemented, to various degrees, the solutions outlined above. Sweden and the United States represent the extremes among advanced societies in terms of politics and Hilbert, Martin. ), The human society and the Internet: Internet related socio-economic Issues, First International Conference, Seoul, Korea: Proceedings, (((Springer))), New York, NY. [35] The reasons for the high number of international users are due to many the qualities of Facebook and other social media. For example, an individual who can't afford to upgrade their computer every few years may find that their operating system and hardware is no longer supported with security patches. The digital divide: Facing a crisis or creating a myth? At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the IMARA organization (from Swahili word for "power") sponsors a variety of outreach programs which bridge the Global Digital Divide. 2. Musk has publicly acknowledged this business reality, and indicated in mid-2015 that while endeavoring to develop this technically-complicated space-based communication system he wants to avoid overextending the company and stated that they are being measured in the pace of development. However, the gap between countries is still considerable. Continental divides occur allover planet earth. Box 1.1: Future Preparedness for Global Risks. Global Continental Divides. These projects are run under the aegis of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and staffed by MIT volunteers who give training, install and donate computer setups in greater Boston, Massachusetts, Kenya, Indian reservations the American Southwest such as the Navajo Nation, the Middle East, and Fiji Islands. (April 13, 1998). Using previous studies (Gamos, 2003; Nsengiyuma & Stork, 2005; Harwit, 2004 as cited in James), James asserts that in developing countries, "internet use has taken place overwhelmingly among the upper-income, educated, and urban segments" largely due to the high literacy rates of this sector of the population. While the south is passionate abo… In another example, many work-related tasks are online, and people without access to the Internet may not be able to complete work up to company standards. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. [67], Many experts claim that bridging the digital divide is not sufficient and that the images and language needed to be conveyed in a language and images that can be read across different cultural lines. "Free Basics provides people with access to useful services on their mobile phones in markets where internet access may be less affordable. [29]:303, Guillen & Suarez argue that that “democratic political regimes enable a faster growth of the Internet than authoritarian or totalitarian regimes”. Write a jb to express “a divides b.” Write a - b to express “a does not divides b.” Examples of the Divides Relation 5 divides 35 because 57 = 35. Retained Earnings are part that a company pays out to its shareholders. “Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012”, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Transition from Camel Libraries to Digital Technologies in Kenya Public Libraries. Economic equality – For example, the telephone is often seen as one of the most important components, because having access to a working telephone can lead to higher safety. Azam, M. (2007). Source: International Telecommunications Union. [18] In the US, for example, the figures for 2018 show 89% of men and 88% of women use the Internet.[19]. Pingo, Z. The Digital Divide, Stanford University, cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/digital-divide/start.html. What is a Dividend? Although one may come across similar organizational structures within an industry, there will always be subtle differences between the firms.The main reason for adopting a structure is to outline a clear hierarchy of the different company positions. In the same week Starlink was announced, serial-entrepreneur Richard Branson announced his own project OneWeb, a similar constellation with approximately 700 satellites that was already procured communication frequency licenses for their broadcast spectrum and could possibly be operational on 2020.[41]. Retrieved 24 May 2015. Computers need to be accessible to individuals with different learning and physical abilities including complying with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act as amended by the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 in the United States. [20], In illustrating institutional access, Wilson states "the numbers of users are greatly affected by whether access is offered only through individual homes or whether it is offered through schools, community centers, religious institutions, cybercafés, or post offices, especially in poor countries where computer access at work or home is highly limited". The difference between all of these is also considered a gap. Consumer choice behavior at Internet shopbots", Social networks and popular understanding of science and health: sharing disparities, "What's the state of ICT access around the world? For example, the electronics department of … [28]:112 Specific solutions proposed by the study include: "invest in stimulating, attracting, and growing creative technical and scientific workforce; increase the access to education and digital literacy; reduce the gender divide and empower women to participate in the ICT workforce; emphasize investing in intensive Research and Development for selected metropolitan areas and regions within nations". By contrast, they point out, countries and regions that did not experience a post-war egalitarian regime, such as the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and Brazil, have had relatively stable, but extremely high levels of inequality. (2001). “global divide.” 1. Lee & S.S. Park (Eds. Using the example of the World Archaeological Congress as a case study, this paper explores how scholarly organizations can impact upon, and be impacted by, these divides. The global digital divide also contributes to the inequality of access to goods and services available through technology. The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily between developed and developing countries, in regards to access to computing and information resources such as the Internet and the opportunities derived from such access. The cost of ICT devices, traffic, applications, technician and educator training, software, maintenance and infrastructures require ongoing financial means. In order to use computer technology, a certain level of information literacy is needed. (March 21, 2014). [34]:188 Facebook's statistics reinforce this claim. [35] Moreover, more than seventy languages are presented on its website. [4], Internet users per 100 inhabitants. [42] This organization, founded in 2005, provides inexpensively produced "XO" laptops (dubbed the "$100 laptop", though actual production costs vary) to children residing in poor and isolated regions within developing countries. “Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012”, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Behavioral segmentation divides people and organization into groups according to how they behave with or act toward products. Recently situations in Iran and China have denied people the ability to access certain website and disseminate information. Foundations of library and information science. Other proposed solutions that the Internet promises for developing countries are the provision of efficient communications within and among developing countries so that citizens worldwide can effectively help each other to solve their problems. Susan Crawford’s remarks at the 2013 National Conference for Media Reform https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MD9Ss3SI2v8, SciDevNet (2014) How mobile phones increased the digital divide; http://www.scidev.net/global/data/scidev-net-at-large/how-mobile-phones-increased-the-digital-divide.html. This can be done by examining four countries. An innovated objective digital divide measure, Paschalidou, Georgia, (2011),Digital divide and disparities in the use of new technologies,https://dspace.lib.uom.gr/bitstream/2159/14899/6/PaschalidouGeorgiaMsc2011.pdf. 2 December 2011. Economic integration, process in which two or more states in a broadly defined geographic area reduce a range of trade barriers to advance or protect a set of economic goals.. Compaine, B.M. This graphic illustrates the difference in, Digital Divide – ICT Information Communications Technology – 50x15 Initiative. “The Knowledge Based Economy and Digital Divisions of Labour”. SOUTH. Kathryn zickuhr. The concept of the digital divide was originally popularized in regard to the disparity in Internet access between rural and urban areas of the United States of America; the global digital divide mirrors this disparity on an international scale. Mun-cho, K. & Jong-Kil, K. (2001). [32][35] Others, like gender, don’t seem to have much of an independent effect.[33]. Amongst them, are its ability to offer a means of interacting with others, user-friendly features, and the fact that most sites are available at no cost. Recently situations in Iran and China have denied people the ability to access certain websites and disseminate information. Economic opportunities range from entrepreneurs who can afford the hardware and broadband access required to maintain Internet cafés to agribusinesses having control over the seeds they plant. [33], Building on the premise that any effective solution must be decentralized, allowing the local communities in developing nations to generate their content, one scholar has posited that social media—like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter—may be useful tools in closing the divide. A dividend is a share of profits and retained earnings Retained Earnings The Retained Earnings formula represents all accumulated net income netted by all dividends paid to shareholders. Some people argue that basic necessities need to be considered before achieving digital inclusion, such as an ample food supply and quality health care. Pages 189-195 in. Below is a map that shows the different divides across the seven continents. The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily between developed and developing countries, in regards to access to computing and information resources such as the Internet and the opportunities derived from such access. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/report/1999/falling-through-net-defining-digital-divide, Karen Mossberger (2003). [2] This concentration is not new, as historically only ten countries have hosted 70–75% of the global telecommunication capacity (see Figure). (2015). The divide within countries (such as the digital divide in the United States) may refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, or geographic areas, usually at different socioeconomic levels or other demographic categories. 1-3, January 2011, Graham, Mark (2014). Several projects to bring internet to the entire world with a satellite constellation have been devised in the last decade, one of these being Starlink by Elon Musk's company SpaceX. Galperin, H. (2010). However, nowadays, power lines and satellites are used to increase the availability in these areas. [1]. Retrieved September 19, 2017. [15] Teaching Wikipedia as a Mirrored Technology. The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily between developed and developing countries, in regards to access to computing and information resources such as the Internet and the opportunities derived from such access. United States Government. There is a large inequality worldwide in terms of the distribution of installed telecommunication bandwidth. 831-645-9300. Source: International Telecommunications Union. For example, on the topic of gay rights, the 2013 survey in 39 countries showed massive differences between the 88% acceptance of homosexuality in Spain and the 1% acceptance in Nigeria. According to Facebook, more than seventy-five percent of its users reside outside of the US. Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China. [28]:687 The Internet is considered a form of e-democracy and attempting to control what citizens can or cannot view is in contradiction to this. “Iran bans fast internet to cut west’s influence”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide#The_global_digital_divide. Retrieved April 13, 2014, from, Internet users in 2015 as a percentage of a country's population, Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012, MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, "The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014", "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2012", "Individuals using the Internet 2005 to 2014", "Internet users per 100 inhabitants 1997 to 2007", "Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050, "Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2019", "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", "When is Cheap, Cheap Enough to Bridge the Digital Divide? [65] This global divide is often characterized as falling along what is sometimes called the north-south divide of “northern” wealthier nations and “southern” poorer ones. 5 does not divide 37 because there is no natural number c such that 5c = 37. World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 2005. Fast broadband Internet connections, enabling advanced Internet applications[7]; 4. (2008). Rahnman explains that "the main role of ICT intermediaries is defined as an organization providing effective support to local communities in the use and adaptation of technology. Computers need to be accessible to individuals with different learning and physical abilities including complying with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act as amended by the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 in the United States. “Information Societies or “ICT equipment societies”? Among different countries, educational levels and income are the most powerful explanatory variables, with age being a third one. Demographic segmentation divides the market into smaller categories based on demographic factors, such as age, gender, and income. ... For example, millennials may spend most of their time on Instagram and Facebook, while seniors prefer their email inboxes. Electronic readers such as Kindle, Sony Reader, Samsung Papyrus and Iliad by iRex Technologies; Further civic engagement through e-government and other sources such as finding information about candidates regarding political situations. Pew Internet & American Life Project. The term "digital divide" does not necessarily mean that someone does not have technology; it could mean that there is simply a difference in technology. Public Library Quarterly, 34(1), 63-84. As with a smaller unit of analysis, this gap describes an inequality that exists, referencing a global scale. 8 divides 88 because 811 = 88. Figures 11 and 12 in “Mapping the dimensions and characteristics of the world’s technological communication capacity during the period of digitization (1986–2007/2010)”. The global digital divide also contributes to the inequality of access to goods and services available through technology. Another component to keep in mind is disabilities. Iran has prohibited the use of high-speed Internet in the country and has removed many satellite dishes in order to prevent the influence of Western culture, such as music and television. also contends, "If there is less government control of it, the Internet flourishes, and it is associated with greater democracy and civil liberties. This often means that you need to continually upgrade software and hardware at a cost that creates a security divide between people based on income. Working paper INF/15-E, International Telecommunications Union. Benefits segmentation—segmenting buyers by the benefits they want from products—is very common. (2010). Pew Hispanic Center, Wang, Wensheng. The Internet is expanding very quickly, and not all … In the early 21st century, residents of First World countries enjoy many Internet services which are not yet widely available in Third Worldcountries, including: 1. For example, "the massive diffusion of narrow-band Internet and mobile phones during the late 1990s" increased digital inequality, as well as "the initial introduction of broadband DSL and cable modems during 2003–2004 increased levels of inequality". Reilley, Collen A. [34] As Amir Hatem Ali suggests, "the popularity and generative nature of social media empower individuals to combat some of the main obstacles to bridging the digital divide". Rural areas used to have very minimal access to the Internet, for example. [66], In illustrating institutional access, Wilson states “the numbers of users are greatly affected by whether access is offered only through individual homes or whether it is offered through schools, community centers, religious institutions, cybercafés, or post offices, especially in poor countries where computer access at work or home is highly limited”. New Economy Handbook, p. 824, 2003. One such program, founded in 1996, was sponsored by the city of Boston and called the Boston Digital Bridge Foundation. A critical embrace of the emerging ICT4D consensus. If there were to be an emergency, one could easily call for help if one could use a nearby phone. Here, there were some stark reminders that huge divides still existed between countries with more advanced economies and those still emerging and developing. The term “digital divide” doesn’t necessarily mean that someone doesn’t have technology; it could mean that there is simply a difference in technology. First Monday, Vol. This study identifies measures that narrow the gap between richer and poorer and which enhance global diversity, as well as measures that act in a converse direction. (1995). From http://www.apira.org/data/upload/pdf/Asia-Pacific/CNNIC/19threport-en.pdf. In the whitepaper[39] realised by Facebook's founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg, connectivity is asserted as a "human right", and Internet.org is created to improve Internet access for people around the world. “Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050”, International Programs Center for Demographic and Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau. “Bridging the digital divide: The role of librarians and information professionals in the third millennium”. [14]:306 Individuals need to obtain access to computers, landlines, and networks in order to access the Internet. Washington, D.C. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ntia.doc.gov/report/1998/falling-through-net-ii-new-data-digital-divide, National Telecommunications & Information Administration, U.S.Department of Commerce. Pew Research Center, 2013. In the same way that no two people can ever be the same, no two companies are identical. World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 2008. (1998). Great Divides: The Cultural, Cognitive, and Social Bases of the Global Subordination of Women Cynthia F Epstein divide that should be a root issue in all sociological analysis if scholars are to adequately understand the social dynamics of society and the influential role of stratification. Wireless technology will further increase productivity by allowing individuals to make effective … In 2014 only three countries (China, US, Japan) host 50% of the globally installed bandwidth potential (see pie-chart Figure on the right). [32], Empirical tests have identified that several socio-demographic characteristics foster or limit ICT access and usage. GLOBAL SOUTH AND NORTH: AN INTERNATIONAL CLASS DIVIDE Characteristic Developing Global South Developed Global North Access to improved sanitation (% o population) 55% 100% Paved roads (%) 24% 87% Personal computers for each 100 people 5 68 Internet Users for each 100 people 15 69 Population covered by cellular networks (%) 76% 99% Daily newspapers for each 1, 000 people 59 … "Digital Divide." (2004). Source: International Telecommunications Union.[63]. Correa, Teresa. Its aim is to find and implement long-term, sustainable solutions which will increase the availability of educational technology and resources to domestic and international communities. Source: International Telecommunications Union. In tandem with the above point, mobile phones, and small electronic communication devices; Fast broadband Internet connections, enabling advanced Internet applications; Affordable and widespread Internet access, either through. “Chapter 5: Measuring communication capacity in bits and bytes”, in Measuring the report Information Society 2012; ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2012). For example, the average income of people living in North America is 16 times higher than that of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Take toothpaste, for example. [64] As with a smaller unit of analysis, this gap describes an inequality that exists, referencing a global scale. Using the example of the World Archaeological Congress as a case study, this paper explores how scholarly organizations can impact upon, and be impacted by, these divides. On the other hand, a social intermediary is defined as a local institution from within the community, such as a community-based organization.[29]:128. “Social Science Computer Review.”. "A right, immunity, or benefit enjoyed only by a person beyond the advantages of most" Global Divide Global Digital ICT Facts and Figures 2005, 2010, 2014, Telecommunication Development Bureau, International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Retrieved 24 May 2014. Impact of ICTs on Farm Households in China, ZEF of University Bonn, 2001. This access barrier is also addressed in Article 21 of the convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by the United Nations. Falling through the net: Defining the digital divide. For example, the use of ICT contributed close to 50 percent of the total acceleration in U.S. productivity in the second half of the 1990s (United States Internet Council, 2000). Acevedo, Manuel. Minimizing the global digital divide requires considering and addressing the following types of access: Involves "the distribution of ICT devices per capita…and land lines per thousands". Each laptop is constructed to use as little power as possible, have a sunlight-readable screen, and is capable of automatically networking with other XO laptops in order to access the Internet—as many as 500 machines can share a single point of access. Considering how vital an organi… Washington, D.C. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html, National Telecommunications & Information Administration, U.S.Department of Commerce. [34] Nevertheless, with its ability to encourage digital inclusion, social media can be used as a tool to bridge the global digital divide. China Internet Network Information Center. [27]:58 As such, James suggests that part of the solution requires that developing countries first build up the literacy/language skills, computer literacy, and technical competence that low-income and rural populations need in order to make use of ICT. These differences can refer to, for example, high-quality computers, fast Internet, technical assistance, or telephone services. In the early 21st century, residents of developed countries enjoy many Internet services which are not yet widely available in developing countries, including: There are four specific arguments why it is important to "bridge the gap":[25], While these four arguments are meant to lead to a solution to the digital divide, there are a couple of other components that need to be considered. Affordable and widespread Internet access, either through personal computers at home or work, through public terminals in public libraries … Further challenges include information overload and the ability to find and use reliable information. Aqili, S., & Moghaddam, A. For this reason, some kids are being separated and not receiving the same chance as others to be successful. One hypothesis by Gullen is, "The more democratic the polity, the greater the Internet use...The government can try to control the Internet by monopolizing control" and Norris et al. “Individuals using the Internet 2005 to 2014”, Key ICT indicators for developed and developing countries and the world (totals and penetration rates), International Telecommunication Union (ITU). ; See, for example, the global governance model proposed by one of the winners of the 2017 New Shape Prize. Modeling Income Related Structural Challenges of Technology Diffusion in Latin America", "The end justifies the definition: The manifold outlooks on the digital divide and their practical usefulness for policy-making", "Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? [13] This global divide is often characterized as falling along what is sometimes called the North–South divide of "northern" wealthier nations and "southern" poorer ones. Unpublished manuscript, School of Journalism, College of Communication, University of Texas at Austin. They argue that communities would become much more involved in events such as elections or decision making. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). Individuals need... Financial Access. [17][15], While a Global Gender Gap in access and usage of ICT's exist, empirical evidence shows that this is due to unfavorable conditions concerning employment, education and income and not to technophobia or lower ability. Africans have much less presence in the leadership of global universities, research institutions, and editorial boards of major journals. Involves, “the distribution of ICT devices per capita…and land lines per thousands”. [12]:687 The Internet is considered a form of e-democracy, and attempting to control what citizens can or cannot view is in contradiction to this. [22] A 2013 study conducted by Pew Research Center noted how participants taking the survey in Spanish were nearly twice as likely not to use the internet.[23]. Many such projects have taken the form of Information Communications Technology Centers (ICT centers). From Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide A digital divide is an economic and social inequality with regard to access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies(ICT). Faiz Rahman, former President of the Islamic Center of Bloomington, discusses a personal example of the importance of bridging interfaith and intercultural divides. Brynjolfsson, Erik and Michael D. Smith (2000). light on a range that provides us with a global picture. Lopez-Claros, A., Groff, M., Dahl, A., Global Governance and the Emergence of Global Institutions for the 21st Century, 2017. The Internet is regarded by some as a basic component of civic life that developed countries ought to guarantee for their citizens. The global digital divide is a special case of the digital divide, the focus is set on the fact that “Internet has developed unevenly throughout the world” [28]:681 causing some countries to fall behind in technology, education, labor, democracy, and tourism. Most commonly, an ICT intermediary will be a specialized organization from outside the community, such as a non-governmental organization, local government, or international donor. Unlike Free Basics, it would provide people with a full internet access and would not be limited to a few selected services.